An Analysis of the Idea of Space Creation in Josef Svoboda’s Stage Design*

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Faculty Member of Performing Arts and Music, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran

2 M.A. of Theatre Directing, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran

3 Ph.D.Student of Urbanism,Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran

Abstract

Abstract
 
Presently, there have been many new techniques and performance methods evolved in the process of creating stage atmosphere; and subsequently in stage deign. The dominating atmosphere and scenography receives more attention in the modern pieces and plays and for that reason, stage designers use modern and new technologies in stage creation. There are many significant pioneers in this area such as Appia, Graig, Meyerhold and in particular, Josef Svoboda. Svoboda’s extensive knowledge and abundant use of modern technology as well as attention to the special characteristic of theater stage created have special characteristics in his stage design and this research aims at analyzing and discussing the structure and the categories in his stage design/scenography creations. The main goal of this research is to determine techniques and creative methods employed by Svoboda in his stage design and creating the drama atmosphere. In order to achieve that goal, following minor goals have also been pursued: ● Determining the characteristics of stage design in Svoboda’s designs and their aesthetic principles, ● Determining the methods of affecting the audiences in Svoboda’s designs, ● Svoboda’s use of modern tools and new achievements in science in the philosophical concepts expression. Therefore, this paper seeks answers to the following questions: ● What were the specifications, patterns, models and categories in theater stage creation in Svoboda’s works?, ● What were the effect of architectural elements in creating the stage and developing stage design aesthetical perception in Svoboda’s design?, ● What were the effects and place of technology and machinery (mechanical equipment) in stage design? This fundamental and through research has used literature review to collect information on the subject, followed by selecting some of the most significant scenography performances  of Svoboda and extracting information such as specifications, patterns, models, elements and categories of scenography creation  and  comparing the results. In this regards and by adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the works and stage designs of Svoboda have been studied in order to while drawing and describing the atmosphere that governed his scenography notions, define the reasons and the special spatial qualities of his theatrical stages. In its path of analyzing Svoboda’s stage design ideas, and with respect to the noted goals, after reviewing fundamentals of research and history, the theoretical framework, questions, hypothesis and research methodology have been presented and analyzed under the two main topics as follows: ● Svoboda’s biography and innovations and creativities such as LaternaMagika and Polyekran., ● Svoboda’s approaches in stage design. This search gives the implication of the image of maintaining and saving ingenuity of theater with emphasize on the visual dynamism and variation, and linking it with architecture; as well as  implication of that originality in creating stage/arena and its interaction with theater audience. In another word, by creating dynamic spaces and visual variation, Svoboda tries to make the image in the stage, make it attractive, enjoyable, beautiful and  suitable as well as entertaining the theater audiences and ultimately, giving meanings to the element on the stage to stimulate the theater audiences to think.
 

Keywords


ارجمند،‌ مهدی ‌(1383)، طراحی صحنه، چاپ اول،‌ انتشارات قطره،‌ تهران‌. اسکار گروس،‌ براکت ‌(1375)‌، ‌تاریخ تئاتر‌جهان، ترجمه هوشنگ آزادی وَر، جلد اول،‌ چاپ دوم، ‌انتشارات مُروارید،‌ تهران‌.
اسکار گروس، ‌براکت‌ (1366)‌، ‌تاریخ تئاتر جهان، ترجمه هوشنگ آزادی وَر، جلد دوم،‌ چاپ اول، انتشارات ‌نقره،‌ تهران‌.
اسکار گروس،‌ براکت‌ (1375)‌، تاریخ تئاتر جهان، ترجمه هوشنگ آزادی ور، جلد سوم،‌ چاپ اول، انتشارات مُروارید،‌ تهران‌.
بنتلی، اریک(1381)، نظریه صحنه مدرن (مقدمه‌ای بر تئاتر و نمایش نوین)، ترجمه یدالله آقا عباسی، نشر قطره، کرمان.
چایلدز، پیتر(1383)، مدرنیسم، ترجمه رضا رضایی، نشر ماهی. تهران.
شانفنر، آندره ‌و دیگران (1383)، دایره المعارف پلئیاد (مجموعه تاریخ نمایش در جهان)، ترجمه ناد علی همدانی و دیگران، جلد اول، دوم، سوم، انتشارات نمایش، تهران‌.
گیدئین، زیگفرید (1350)، فضا، زمان و معماری، ترجمه منوچهر منرینی، جلد دوم، چاپ اول، انتشارات امیرکبیر، تهران.
ادوارد ژانره، شارل «‌لوکوربوزیه» (1354)، چگونه به مسأله شهرسازی بیندیشیم، ترجمه محمد تقی کاتبی، چاپ دوم، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، تهران.
ملک‌ پور، جمشید(1364)، گزیده‌ای‌از تاریخ نمایش در جهان، انتشارات کیهان، تهران.
مصدق،‌ عبدالخالق ‌(1383)، ‌نور در تئاتر، چاپ اول،‌ انتشارات سمت،‌ تهران‌.
Burian, Jarka (1974), the Scenography of Josef Svoboda, First Edition, Publisher: Wesleyan, New York.
Burian, Jarka (1983), Joseph Svoboda’s Scenography for Richard Wagner’s Operas, First Edition, Publisher: Wesleyan, New York. Baugh, Christopher (2005), Theatre, Performance and Technology: The Development of Scenography in the Twentieth Century, First Edition, Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
Bellman, Willard‌ (1974),‌ Lighting The Stage: Art And Practice,‌ Second Edition, Publisher: ‌Chandler Company ,New York. Cardullo, Robert (2010), From Naturalism to Symbolism: Two Plays: Synge's "Riders to the Sea" And Maeterlinck's "The Intruder", First Edition, Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, New York.
Collins, Jane & Nisbet, Andrew (2010), Theatre and Performance Design: A Reader in Scenography, First Edition, Publisher: Routledge, New York.
Howard, Pamela (2002), what is scenography, first edition, publisher: routledge, New York.
Kuhns, David F. (1997), German Expressionist Theatre: The Actor And The Stage, First Edition, Publisher: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Maresova, Sylva (1971), Josef Svoboda, First Edition, Publisher: Prague (Theatre Institute).
Svoboda, Josef (2000), Secret of Theatrical Space Cloth, Editor: J.‌M.‌ Burian, First Edition, Publisher: Applause Books, New York.
Svoboda, Josef (1969), Josef Svoboda: Stage And Scene Images, First Edition, Publisher: Akademie Der Kunste, New York. www.artsalive.ca/collections/imaginedspaces/index.php/en/learn-about/scenography
www.laterna.cz/repertoar http://en.wikipedia.org
www.imdb.com